French revolution

French revolution

On the bottom of the triangle there are peasant farmers. Peasants are low educated and has a low income. These are the poorest people in their town. On the middle of the triangle there are shopkeepers, craftsmen, merchants, lawyers and physicians which are people who own or operates a place of business. On the top of the triangle there are the nobility. This class people born with wealth. The top of the pyramid is the first and second estate. The rest is third estate. All the taxes are being payed by the third estate. There are no elections. Chief minister is being decided by the king. The estates general is the combination of representatives of all three estates. Representatives were chosen by the estates. The first estate elects 303 representatives out of 10000. The second estate elects 291 out of 400000. And the rest elects 610 out of 1 million. 

What is censorship?  To censor means to review something and decide to remove or hide parts of it that are considered  objectionable. Before the French revolution, censorship was very strong. In book shops, certain books would be sold secretly. They kept selling stuff even thought some were even prohibited. 

The estates general met again as the government needed more taxes. At that time all the monarchies were starving of cash. The modern state become very expensive since modern armies were also very expensive. From around 1550's European armies and navies made some changes. Some of the changes were technological, and some of them were about organisation, tactics and training. The naval warfare was a technological change. 

People should be training for long time in order to understand this organisation. The new armies does not require muscular strength. Even people from peasantry can complete these drills with huge training. There used to be no such thing as barracks. They all come together in a part of the season and after the war they go back to their home. However, after the new organisation, armies have to be permanent and full time even in time of peace. The armies have to be ready at all times because this kind of training is not something that can be done in a short period. This makes the cost so high. 

The French state needed taxes since there is a special reason. This is caused by two wars. First war is S war between Great Britain and France which is placed in three different places respectively; India, North America and Europe. In Europe England does not have any army to fight but they pay Russia to fight for England against France in India.

In the 18th century France there is a movement called the enlightenment movement. This movement spreads around Europe and it is and intellectual movement.  People who are not really attached to a particular social class, start writing and publishing to earn money. 

Steam engine

 the industrial Revolution started, need for recourse and product increased. All European countries traveled all around the World with the aim of growing their economy. Since there were no technology used in economy, everything was manmade. So Europeans started to need slaves like product and recourses. Because of this need, importance of transportation increased dramatically and became on of the most important thing in 20th century.

By the 1930's, transport revolution started to be very important. The transport revolution started with railways and steamships. All of this results civilisation of steam and steel. There is immense faith which is a very strong belief in science and technology that can lead to perfecting the world and humanity.

The social question of 19th question is that "what to do with the new working class?" Millions of workers are working in smokestack and it becomes the single most numerous class. Everybody wanted to help them and decided to make a revolution with the working class. There was three new major ideologies which are liberalism, nationalism and socialism, also there was a new class that i mentioned earlier which is working class. These two together created 19th Century politics.


What is a steam engine and how it works?  Inside the steam engine, there are things called cylinders and pistons which move up and down inside the cylinders. Uneven shaft is the part that connects these two parts of the steam engine. The arms of the pistons are connected to it. There is a part of steam engine that must be on it which is boiler. There is a furnace inside the boiler, wood or coal burnt inside the boiler. Water that is inside the steam turns in to steam and enters to the cylinder. When it arrives to cylinder, it makes the arms of pistons move. After arms move, it escapes from the cylinder. In the 19th century, when the petrol engine was invented, it was called as a internal combustion engine. The boiler can be called as a external combustion engine.

People were aware of the possibility of steam for a long time. In 1770's, there was a steam engine in England which had a problem. It had a quick heat loss. James Watt found a very simple and clever way to improve the steam engine and he made it much more powerful compared with the past. Today because of his invention, transportation is much easier and quicker. From the past to present, big and affective inventions seemed like small and useless inventions but in reality some of them change everything. For instance, small inventions can become big weapons with time and improvement.

Why and where is iron needed? Iron was very significant in the past and present since armies need iron to increase durability of the equipments. For example; swords, helmets, body armour, barrels of muskets are some equipments that armies need which are made from iron. Also buildings need iron as they need to be resistant. For an instance, Eiffel Tower is completely made of Iron.